ÿþ<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"> <head> <meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=unicode"> <meta name=ProgId content=Word.Document> <meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 14"> <meta name=Originator content="Microsoft Word 14"> <link rel=File-List href="Overheads_files/filelist.xml"> <link rel=Edit-Time-Data href="Overheads_files/editdata.mso"> <!--[if !mso]> <style> v\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} o\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} w\:* {behavior:url(#default#VML);} .shape {behavior:url(#default#VML);} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:DocumentProperties> <o:Author>Christopher Jacobs</o:Author> <o:LastAuthor>CPJ</o:LastAuthor> <o:Revision>52</o:Revision> <o:TotalTime>1256</o:TotalTime> <o:Created>2004-01-13T21:30:00Z</o:Created> 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mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=EN-US link=blue vlink=blue style='tab-interval:.5in'> <div class=WordSection1> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-size:36.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FILM / MOVIES<br> </span></b><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> STUDY GUIDE</span></b><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> <br> Points to Remember (based on textbook and lectures)</span></b><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>These notes are almost identical to the overhead projections shown in class, <br> occasionally expanded with more details and web links for further information.<br> <br> You may notice that these notes are often identical <br> to boldface section headings in your readings.<br> Refer to your textbook and class notes for more detailed information.</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p align=center style='text-align:center'><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Last updated January 30, 2012</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> </span><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; color:#800040'>Film and Movies mean many things to many people<br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Art</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> - literary self-expression, social and/or psychological commentary, <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span><span style='font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua"'>æsthetic visual experimentation, motion &amp; time, musical and theatrical conventions/techniques, et al.<br> </span><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Culture</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> - reflection of world &amp; other cultures <br> <b>Entertainment</b> - comedy, drama, escapism <br> <b>Education -</b> instruction, training, propaganda <br> <b>Business/Industry</b> - a means to make money <br> <b>Scientific Technology</b> - new methods for old ideas<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>INTRO FILM CLASS <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>General Film Appreciation</i><br> Broad subject material - many disciplines combined<br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>LITERARY CRITICISM / GENRES / INTERPRETATION <br> HISTORY / SCIENCE / TECHNOLOGY / PRODUCTION <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>(This class will deal largely with American narrative cinema, especially classical Hollywood studio productions,<br> but will also include independent, international, and non-narrative cinema to various extents in different semesters.) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>MOVIES </span></b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>- Really just an optical illusion!<b><br> </b></span><b><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Persistence of Vision, the Phi Phenomenon, and Critical Flicker Fusion<br> Numerous individual still pictures   pieces of time <br> </span></b><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- viewed so fast in succession that they blend into one image that appears to be in motion<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- the more individual images viewed per second, the smoother the motion seems to be<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in'><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FILM</span></b><span style='font-size:18.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> - Photochemical process, analog image, mechanical projection <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in'><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Primary film formats</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> 70mm - special venue presentations and roadshows; now rarely used <br> (IMAX also uses 70mm film but runs horizontally instead of vertically, giving larger image)<span style='mso-tab-count:1'>     </span><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>(65mm camera negatives are printed to 70mm for projection, extra space used for soundtracks; <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>sometimes 35mm negatives are blown up to standard 70mm or IMAX)<br> 35mm - professional, commercial studio standard <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>(<span class=SpellE>VistaVision</span> uses 35mm film running horizontally instead of vertically, <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>giving an original negative area twice as large as standard 35mm movies)<br> 16mm - semi-pro, nontheatrical, industrial, independent, etc., <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>usually blown up to 35mm for any theatrical release<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>(Super 16 uses soundtrack area for wider picture, always shot for 35mm blowup or video transfer)<br> 9.5mm/8mm/Super 8 - home movies, independent<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>VIDEO</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> (Video technology can be used for movies, but whether analog or digital, video is NOT Film)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>A few of the many digital video formats</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> DCI = Digital Cinema Initiative standards for theatrical presentation of images from digital video files that approach 35mm film quality<br> HD Video - nearly 35mm film-resolution electronic images, transferred to film for theatrical exhibition and archival preservation<br> HDV and AVCHD - approximately 16mm film-resolution electronic images<br> DV - approximately 8mm film-resolution electronic images equal to standard-definition broadcast TV quality<br> DVD - storage medium used for highly compressed (mpeg) video images that can approach apparent broadcast quality on typical TV sets<br> Blu-ray - storage medium used for highly compressed high-definition video images that can approach the quality of Digital Cinema Projection<br> HDTV - standards for digital television that use even more compression than Blu-ray files to deliver an apparently high-definition image<br> </span><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>                </span>( See also <a href="http://www.und.edu/instruct/cjacobs/BluRay.htm">http://www.und.edu/instruct/cjacobs/BluRay.htm</a> and <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>                </span>essays at <a href="http://www.und.edu/instruct/cjacobs/OlderMoviesOnBluRay.htm">http://www.und.edu/instruct/cjacobs/OlderMoviesOnBluRay.htm</a> )<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>(NOTE that while film technology was invented in the 1890s and rapidly evolved to widely accepted standards within a decade that permitted film to become the basis of a worldwide entertainment industry within another decade, video technology was relatively crude and highly experimental from the time it was developed in<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>the 1920s through the 1940s, and standard broadcast television was not readily available to the general public until the 1950s. The TV standards of the 1940s and 50s remained essentially the same until digital television became required by government order in 2011. Digital video standards for both production and for TV and computer viewing vary widely and continue to change frequently. Film standards, on the other hand, have remained consistent with backwards-compatible improvements and modifications since the late 1890s for the film itself, and since the late 1920s for movie sound!)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Film Standards</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> - 24 frames/second (90 feet/minute); two predominant rectangular frame shapes (aspect ratios); soundtrack(s) analog or digital<br> - Projection standards (brightness, steadiness, audio, THX, etc.)<br> - Lighting sources (xenon lamps, carbon arcs, limelight for 35mm<span class=GramE>)</span><br> - 1000-foot and 2000-foot 35mm <b><i>Reels</i></b> of 10-20 minutes each vs. <b><i>Platters</i></b> holding up to four hours of film<br> - basic film technology and standards relatively unchanged for over 80-115 years but with steadily improving image sharpness and sound quality<br> - video technology has had various and constantly changing standards and ranges of quality acceptability over the past 50-80 years, especially past 15 years <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></i></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>CAMERA <br> PROJECTOR <br> PRINTER<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Negative - Fine Grain Positive Print - Dupe Negative Release Print</span></b><span style='font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> - Since the late 1990s a digital intermediate (DI) process is often used instead of printing a <span class=SpellE>finegrain</span> positive film print as a source for the dupe negative. This can allow the dupe negative to look as sharp as the original camera negative if the film is scanned at a high enough resolution, or it can lower the sharpness of the original negative so it will match better with any computer-generated special effects.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>Digital is NOT Film! A digital movie may, however, be printed onto film for exhibition, and is normally converted to film for archival purposes.<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Digital imaging is an electronic video process usually using magnetic tape, memory cards, or magnetic or optical discs as a recording medium. A digital image (including high-resolution scans from film) can be conveniently manipulated and quickly evaluated with a high-powered computer, whereas a traditional film image takes more skill and care (and more time-consuming trial and error) to adjust using photochemical methods. Computerized look-up tables may even be used to simulate the appearances of various types of film stocks or chemical processes. <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>On the other hand, duplicating a film print from a film negative by the traditional mechanical photochemical process is many, many times faster than the excruciatingly slow frame-by-frame output necessary using today s computer technology when such memory- and processor-intensive film-resolution images are required.<br> <br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>MAKING&nbsp;FILMS<br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Preproduction</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> (Preparation)<br> <b>Production</b> (Shooting) <br> <b>Postproduction</b> (Assembly)<br> <br> <b>Distribution </b>(P&amp;A expenses - prints and advertising)<b><br> Exhibition <br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></b>-Theatrical showings (often used today as advance promotion for video release rather than as the primary outlet)<br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>-Video rentals and sales (note: DVD and Blu-ray are video, though they can offer additional viewing options from traditional videotape)<br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>-Cable and Broadcast TV showings (watched live or at viewer s leisure through home-recorded DVR, DVD, or videotape)<br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>-Internet streaming, downloads, and pay-per-view (sometimes more convenient but usually lowest quality)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>MODES OF PRODUCTION <br> </span></b><b><span style='mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Individual and Collective</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- Usually small budget, little if any crew <br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- One or a few people make entire film <br> <b>Independent</b> <br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- Small to moderate budget, small crew <br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- Crew members may do several jobs <br> <b>Studio <br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- </b>Moderate to large budget, large crew <br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- Strong division of very specialized labor: e.g. writer, director, producer, cast, cinematographer, camera operators, film loaders, clapper operators, art designers, sound <span class=SpellE>recordists</span>/mixers, editors, grips, gaffers, <span class=SpellE>foley</span> artists, ADR recorders, negative conformers, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Film Distribution &amp; Exhibition <br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Number of prints made <br> Release patterns: Exclusive - Limited - Selected (Key Cities) - Wide <br> Film Rental contracts <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>-Flat Rental Fee (very rare for commercial theatres)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Percentages of Gross Ticket Sales Receipts <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Guarantees, up-front money<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Number of seats, locations, showings, and/or weeks required <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Ticket Price minimums <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Bidding (two or more theatre companies competing for movies they expect to be hits)<br> <b>Single Screen/Twin/Multiplex theatres <br> 2-projector changeovers vs. automation/platters <br> Concession sales </b>(large profit item to make up for large <span class=SpellE>boxoffice</span> percentage payments)</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FILM HISTORY<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>From experimental scientific technology to popular mass entertainment<br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Mechanically produced illusion of movement - toys and flip-books using drawings<br> Photography - 1826 <br> Flexible Film - 1888/89 <br> Attempts to reproduce motion photographically <br> 1860s - Coleman Sellers <br> 1870s-80s - <span class=SpellE>Eadweard</span> Muybridge <br> 1890s - Thomas Edison, Lumi</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua"'>ère brothers, others<br> Many film formats and photography/viewing systems at first<br> Standard 35mm film projection format by 1895, official standardization by 1909, still in use today<br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- Unchanged except for refinements of details, such as film stocks, emulsion sensitivity, lenses, color &amp; sound, image shap</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>e variations (aspect ratios)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>Nitrate</b>-based plastic developed for photographic film in 1880s; nitrate film phased out in early 1950s<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>Acetate</b>-based plastic used for film from 1910s-2000s, largely phased out in 1990s<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>Polyester</b>-based plastic used for film from 1970s-present, mainly from 1990s-present<br> <b>Synchronized Sound<br> </b>Experimental in the 1890s, Limited commercial use in 1900s-1910s (acoustic cylinders and disks)<br> Became practical with electronic technology of 1920s, but mainly a curiosity until late 1927-28<br> -  <span class=SpellE>Vitaphone</span> sound on disk introduced in August 1926 with <i>Don Juan</i> (music &amp; sound effects) <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>and numerous short films recording musical and vaudeville acts with synchronized sound<br> -  Fox <span class=SpellE>Movietone</span> sound on film in 1927<br> - <i>The Jazz Singer</i> (October 1927) was a silent feature with a <span class=SpellE>Vitaphone</span> music score, some synchronized songs, and brief dialogue scenes, and became an unexpected smash hit<br> - first all-talking film <i>The Lights of New York</i> (1928) used <span class=SpellE>Vitaphone</span> process<br> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Transition Periods (silent to sound, B&amp;W to color, film to digital)<br> </b>Theatres - Sudden and rapid installation of sound equipment from 1928-1930<br> Studios  Release of silent films with synchronized music &amp; sound-effect soundtracks to cash in on  sound craze, <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>rush to add talking sequences in otherwise silent films ( part-talkies), <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>and increased production of  all-talking films throughout 1929, some with alternate silent versions<br> Sound superceded silent films by 1930, optical sound soon replacing sound on disk, <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- magnetic stereo sound in 1950s, optical  Dolby Stereo sound in 1970s, digital sound systems in 1990s<br> Color added to black-and-white film by hand in 1890s (hand-painting, color dye tints and chemical tones)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- various natural color photography processes in 1910s-1920s but expensive, cumbersome, and often inaccurate<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- color more common with 3-color Technicolor, <span class=SpellE>Kodachrome</span>, and other processes in 1930s-40s, <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- increased color film production in 1950s after cheaper <span class=SpellE>Eastmancolor</span> introduced and competition from TV<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- by 1966 most Hollywood films shot in color, after major TV networks all switched to color broadcasting<br> Video projection of high-resolution digital movie files demonstrated in 1990s, expanded in 2000s, became widespread in 2010s, but production still largely on 35mm film<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>SEE ALSO <a href="http://widescreenmuseum.com/">http://widescreenmuseum.com</a> and <a href="DevelopmentoftheCinema.htm">Development of the Cinema</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Subject material of movies </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>same three main types for over a century</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Reality / <span class=SpellE>Trickfilms</span> / Stories - cf. modern documentary and <span class=SpellE>newsfilm</span>/special effects films/dramatic fiction films<br> Short films of things moving - 1890s (Edison, <span class=SpellE>Lumiere</span> Brothers, and others)<br> Short narratives, trick &amp; story films - 1900s (M</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua"'>éliès, Porter, Griffith, and others)</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Basic movie industry business model </span></b><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>same for nearly a century, despite shifts in financing, production, &amp; distribution</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> Theatres specializing in movies early 1900s (Nickelodeons), late 1910s (Movie Palaces), 1970s (Multiplexes)<br> Feature length filmed stories - 1910s (<i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Life of Moses-1909, Queen Elizabeth-1912, From the Manger to the Cross-1912, Traffic in Souls-1913, The Squaw Man-1913, Cabiria-1914, The Spoilers-1914, The Birth of a Nation-1915, The Cheat-1915,</i> and others)<br> Rise of directors and actors as stars and marketing points 1910s and later<br> Art films and experimental film movement - 1920s and later, always less prevalent<br> Studio system evolution - 1890s through 2000s <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Studios as  movie factories - heyday in late 1910s through early 1960s, especially 20s-30s-40s<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Independent production with studio financing and distribution  always present to some degree, increase in 1950s-60s, predominant by 1970s-90s and 2000s<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>SEE ALSO: </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'><a href="DevelopmentoftheCinema.htm">The Development of the Cinema</a> and <a href="DWGriffith.html">D. W. Griffith: Some Background</a></span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>CHAPLIN, LLOYD, KEATON<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span></span></b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>The three major comedy stars of silent cinema<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>          </span>Similarities: physical humor; each tries to impress girl<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>          </span>Differing approaches to character &amp; comedy style<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Easy Street</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa'> (1916/17) Charlie Chaplin<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Little Tramp, poverty &amp; crime, anti-authority attitude<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#999999'>The Kid</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> (1921) Charlie Chaplin<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>-Little Tramp, poverty &amp; crime, anti-authority attitude<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6;mso-themecolor:background1; mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=65000'>Never Weaken</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6; mso-themecolor:background1;mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:lumm=65000'> (1921) Harold Lloyd<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6;mso-themecolor:background1;mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:lumm=65000;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><span class=GramE>-Middle-class all-American boy, ambition, thrill</span> comedy<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>Safety Last </span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>(1923) Harold Lloyd<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Middle-class all-American boy, ambition, thrill comedy</span><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1'> <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#999999'>The <span class=GramE>Freshman</span></span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> (1925) Harold Lloyd<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>-Middle-class all-American boy, ambition</span><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999'> <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'>One Week </span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'>(1920) Buster Keaton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Average guy, deadpan humor, mechanical gags, <span class=GramE>large</span> props<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#999999'>The Navigator</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> (1924) Buster Keaton<br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>-Clueless but resourceful guy who learns, deadpan humor, mechanical gags, large props<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#999999'>Sherlock, Jr.</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-style:italic'> (1924) Buster Keaton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>-Clueless but resourceful guy who learns, deadpan humor, mechanical gags, surreal <span class=SpellE>metafiction</span><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6;mso-themecolor:background1; mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color:#A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor: background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha:100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms: lumm=65000'>The General</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6; mso-themecolor:background1;mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:lumm=65000'> (1926) Buster Keaton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6;mso-themecolor:background1;mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:lumm=65000;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Average guy, deadpan humor, mechanical gags, <span class=GramE>large</span> props<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6;mso-themecolor:background1;mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:lumm=65000;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Symmetrical story structure: mirror image with variations<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#A6A6A6;mso-themecolor:background1;mso-themeshade:166;mso-style-textfill-fill-color: #A6A6A6;mso-style-textfill-fill-themecolor:background1;mso-style-textfill-fill-alpha: 100.0%;mso-style-textfill-fill-colortransforms:lumm=65000;mso-bidi-font-weight: bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-Epic scope &amp; realism of drama; political implications<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;color:#999999'>Steamboat Bill, Jr.</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999'> (1928) Buster Keaton<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>-Average guy, deadpan humor, mechanical gags, <span class=GramE>large</span> props<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>-Symmetrical story structure: mirror image with variations<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>-Epic scope &amp; realism of drama; political implications<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;color:#999999;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FILM FORM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FORM</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> - structure, shape, narrative &amp; stylistic elements <br> </span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Function motivation, foreshadowing, character development, message <br> Similarity &amp; Repetition <br> Difference &amp; Variation <br> Development <br> Unity vs. Disunity closure/open-ended<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>Formal Expectations, Conventions, and Viewer Experience<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>Feeling - emotional response<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>Meaning - interpretation<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>CONTENT</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> - story subject, point of view, meaning <br> </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style: normal'><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Referential</span></i></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>(refers directly to things that happen in the plot) <br> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Explicit</i></b> <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>(moral of story, what characters learn, stated in film/story through dialogue and actions) <br> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Implicit</i></b> <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>(issues, ideas, characters change, growth, development, implied by actions and dialogue) <br> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Symptomatic</i></b> <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>(work as part of broad context of society, illustrating themes prevalent in world - or in creator s life)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- Explicit, Implicit, and Symptomatic Content are often <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'> ideological, </i>representing personal opinions of filmmaker<br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>- Symptomatic Content may also be conscious or unconscious reflection of widespread contemporary concerns<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>EVALUATION (vs. OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS or INTERPRETATION)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p style='margin-left:.5in;text-indent:-.5in'><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span></span></b><b><span style='font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"'>CAREFULLY CONSIDERED JUDGEMENT vs. merely PERSONAL TASTE</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Criteria for evaluation - (i.e., for asserting that a work is good, bad, or indifferent)</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> --subject material, moral attitude, characterizations, realism and plausibility, accuracy, style, technique, complexity, originality, quality of craftsmanship, performances, etc.<br> <b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>Analysis and Interpretation (-- </b>see notes on<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> Film Theory &amp; Criticism</b>,<b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'> </b>last set below<span class=GramE><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>)</b></span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'><br> Specific Examples to support assertions<o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>NARRATIVE<br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>A chain of events in a cause/effect relationship occurring in time and space<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Plot</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span></b><span style='font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"'>(=the film, according to B&amp;T) What we actually see in the film (or novel, or play, etc.<span class=GramE>) </span><br>  Diegetic (part of story) and  Non-diegetic (not part of story)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>PLOT STRUCTURE</i> (Classic  five-act structure,  three-act structure, variations)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>Basic elements of plot:</b> Exposition - Development - Crisis - Climax - Resolution<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span>(or <span class=SpellE>Barsam s</span> more simplistic: Exposition - Rising Action - Climax - Falling Action - Resolution)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight: normal'>Typical three-act structure:</b> Beginning (setup) - Middle (conflict) - End (resolution)<br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>Exposition and Development typically continue throughout any plot,<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>with several smaller crises and <span class=SpellE>subclimaxes</span>, each with their own rising and falling action<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Story</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Includes all events in the story world: whether depicted, referred to, or only implied by plot <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Note that a narrative s <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>PLOT order</i> of events may or may not follow the chronological sequence of <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>STORY order</i><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>and that certain individual incidents of the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>story </i>may be depicted more than once in the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>plot</i>,<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>and may last longer or shorter in the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>plot</i> than they do in the <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>story</i>, or may not be shown in the plot at all! <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>(See also <a href="ScreenplayBasics.htm">Screenplay Basics</a> for dramatic approaches --character, action, or theme-- and types of plots)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 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</v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=678 height=529 src="Overheads_files/image002.jpg" alt="Description: Description: Description: PlotStructureGraph" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_1"><![endif]></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>CAUSE and EFFECT</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> Characters - Events actions upon each other <br> <b>TIME <br> </b>Order - Frequency - Duration<br> Story material may be presented by the plot<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>in chronological order or out of chronological order<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>once, more than once, or not at all<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>in the actual time it takes to occur, in a shorter time, or in a longer time<br> <b>SPACE</b> <br> Story space - Plot space (Also, screen or frame space) <br> Openings, Closings, Development Patterns: <br> - Change in knowledge Goal-driven plot <br> - Unities of time and/or space <br> Narration - (not the same as narrator) <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Range &amp; Depth of story information <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Omniscient - viewer knows much or all <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Limited - viewer follows one or more characters <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Mixed - changes back and forth <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>DIEGESIS</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>dihghsiV</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> (The narrative, or story being related) <br> Diegetic - part of the story s world <br> Non-diegetic - does not exist in the story world even though we can see or hear it in the film (titles, background music, some insert shots, etc.)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Deus ex <span class=SpellE>machina</span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>qeoV ek mhcanhV <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt'>=<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span> god from the machine </span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- unexpected and usually highly unlikely plot element used to solve characters problems<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Story Elements<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Characters<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Major (important to action, may be flat or round) <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Minor (peripheral to action but often important to atmosphere or to help major characters)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Flat (simple, predictable, serve needs of plot)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Round (complex, unpredictable, realistic, often more thought-provoking or memorable)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Motifs<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Recurring <i>significant</i> elements:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span>Actions, Props, Familiar Images, Themes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Hubs and Satellites<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Major Plot Points / Minor Plot Points<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Contribution to plot structure / story enrichment<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>SCREENWRITING<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span>LOGLINE<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>One-sentence essence of the story,  pitching it to potential producers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span>SYNOPSIS<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Summary of plot &amp; main characters<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span>TREATMENT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Scene by scene description of action<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span>SCREENPLAY (SCENARIO)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Several drafts, possibly several writers<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span>SHOOTING SCRIPT<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>          </span>STORYBOARD<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                   </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>Comic strip style breakdown of shots in major scenes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:48.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>GENRES </span><i><span style='font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:36.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>= TYPES, KINDS</span></i><span style='font-size:16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:36.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:36.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FORMULAS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:36.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'>CONVENTIONS &amp; EXPECTATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 2'>                        </span>Sometimes rejected, changed, or violated<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>BLENDS, OVERLAPPING GENRES<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:36.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>ICONS / ICONOGRAPHY</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>         </span></span><span style='font-size: 16.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:40.0pt;font-family:Symbol;font-weight:normal'>eikon</span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span>Recurring <i>symbolic</i> imagery<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                  </span>Character types/stereotypes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:3'>                              </span><span class=GramE>and</span> their actions/poses<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                  </span>Props &amp; costumes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText style='margin-left:.25in'><span style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                  </span>Settings &amp; lighting<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:36.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>REFLECTING SOCIAL ATTITUDES<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'>in</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; font-weight:normal'> themes treated, emotions explored,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'>subjects</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; font-weight:normal'> touched on (even briefly)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>METAPHORS</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; font-weight:normal'> for elements/concerns of society<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FEARS</span><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight: normal'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>GOOD</span><span style='font-size: 12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight: normal'> vs. </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>EVIL</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>EMOTIONAL</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; font-weight:normal'> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>CATHARSIS</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 1'>            </span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>IDEALISM</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:24.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'>Horror, Sci-Fi, Western, Gangster/Cop/Crime/Noir, Musical, <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span class=GramE><span style='font-size:14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'>Weepie, Romance, Epic, Action-adventure, Suspense thriller, Disaster, etc.</span></span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; font-weight:normal'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'>Different genres may be either <i>REMINDERS of</i> or <i>ESCAPISM from</i> present or recent past</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>MISE EN SCENE<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>- What appears in the scene itself before camera is even brought in<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>        </span>- </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Realism vs. Stylization <br> Setting <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Art Direction/Set design &amp; decoration, props <br> <b>Costumes and Makeup <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></b>-Appropriateness to characters, time period, setting <br> <b>Lighting </b>(controlled by director of photography, although actually part of <span class=SpellE>mise</span>-en-scene)<b><br> </b>Quality - Direction - Source - Color <br> Three-point Lighting Style<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>KEY light - FILL light - BACK light<br> Other lights often used: background light, kicker, <span class=SpellE>eyelight</span>, pattern projections, etc. <br> Mood lighting: high key, low key, source lighting, available light, special lighting effects<br> <b>Figure Expression and Movement <br> </b>Staging (Blocking) - positions within the setting and in relationship to camera<br> Acting (realism/stylization) - appropriateness to medium and style and mode of storytelling<br> Gestures<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>CINEMATOGRAPHY / PHOTOGRAPHY<br> <span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span></span></b><b><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>kinumai -- jwtoV -- grajw</span></b><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> move, be moved - of light - write, inscribe</span></b><span style='font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Range of tonalities <br> Film stocks speed, contrast, color balance, etc. <br> Film laboratory manipulation <br> Speed of motion <br> Slow-motion, normal motion, fast-motion <br> Perspective relations <br> Lens choices Focal length, Depth of field, Focus shifts <br> Special effects in-camera, in laboratory, in computer <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>LENS TYPES <br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Wide-Angle <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Short focal length <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Great depth of field (range of focus) <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Objects look farther apart than in reality <br> <b>Normal <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></b>Normal focal length <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Average depth of field <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Spatial relations appear normal <br> <b>Telephoto</b> (narrow-angle) <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Long focal length <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Shallow depth of field <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Objects look closer together than in reality<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Zoom</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> Variable focal length - Focal length can be changed during continuous shot <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FRAMING</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Dimensions and Shape</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> Rectangular Aspect Ratios (of width to height) <br> <span class=GramE>Other</span> shapes mattes, irises, masks, split/multi-screen<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Onscreen/<span class=SpellE>Offscreen</span> space</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> (showing/implying)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Camera Position <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Angle (in relation to subject) Head-on, Oblique <br> Level (horizontal) on the level or canted off-axis <br> Height (from ground) eye-level, low angle, high angle <br> Distance (from subject) ELS, LS, MS, MCU, CU, ECU <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FUNCTIONS OF FRAMING</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> Accentuate <span class=SpellE>mise</span>-en-scene, psychological effect, suggest meanings or relationships, point-of-view, et al.<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>NOTE: Cinematography is NOT <span class=SpellE>mise</span>-en-scene! It <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>photographs</i> the <span class=SpellE>mise</span>-en-scene.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>MOBILE FRAME (Tripod or dolly vs. hand-held) <br> Pan or Tilt (from one position) <br> Dolly/Tracking/<span class=SpellE>Steadicam</span> (camera moves through scene) <br> Crane/Helicopter (camera free to move up and down) <br> Zoom (Lens adjustmentNOT a camera movement)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FUNCTIONS OF FRAME MOBILITY <br> Follow action <br> Call attention to something <br> Psychological effect of continuous take, movement, speed <br> Rhythm (in combination with editing) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>DURATION OF IMAGE</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>The Long Take (NOT a Long Shot) <br> Early Cinema before editing developed (cf. amateur movies with no editing abilities)<br> <i>Rope</i> (1948) each shot one full reel of film but with elaborate camera movements <br> <i>Sling Blade</i> (1996) many long takes without movement <br> Michelangelo Antonioni, Orson Welles, Robert Altman, et al. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Static Frame vs. Mobile Frame effect on viewer<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Practicality: planning, <span class=GramE>rehearsal,</span> retakes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Aspect Ratios</span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> (of width to height) </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span class=GramE><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>The SHAPE of the rectangular image on the screen.</span></span><span style='font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> In a theatre, the height usually stays constant<span class=GramE>,</span><br> with different lenses used to project the different-width pictures<br> and movable side masking pulled in and out to match the width.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>To fit a television screen, the image must be reduced to fit the available <span class=GramE>area</span><br> (either letterboxed or <span class=SpellE>pillarboxed</span>), leaving blank portions. To fill a TV screen<br> exactly, part of the original picture must be cut off or the image must be<br> electronically stretched to fit, giving a distorted picture.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: Description: Description: ScreenWidths" style='width:366pt;height:629.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Overheads_files/image003.jpg" o:title=" ScreenWidths"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=488 height=839 src="Overheads_files/image004.jpg" alt="Description: Description: Description: ScreenWidths" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2"><![endif]></span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>FILM FRAME area used by various ratios changes, but all must fit within <br> four sprocket-holes per frame of 35mm film for projection compatibility, <br> and the image is composed to look best at one preferred aspect ratio.<br> Projecting non-anamorphic film at the wrong aspect ratio will either <br> cut off part of the top and bottom, or show extra image above and below <br> the preferred frame space.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Some common aspect ratios: 1.18/2.35 - 1.33 - 1.66 - 1.78 - 1.85<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: Description: Description: MovieFrames" style='width:408pt;height:532.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Overheads_files/image005.jpg" o:title=" MovieFrames"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=544 height=710 src="Overheads_files/image006.jpg" alt="Description: Description: Description: MovieFrames" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3"><![endif]></span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>(COMPARE THIS DIAGRAM WITH SAMPLE STRIP OF 35mm FILM <br> SHOWN BELOW IN SECTION ON FILM SOUND)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>1.33:1 (or 4:3)<br> -- Standard format for 35mm film since 1890s; still used but only for TV and nontheatrical films, </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>16mm, 9.5mm, 8mm, and Super 8 home movies<br> Officially changed to the nearly identical 1.37:1 ratio for 35mm film in the early 1930s, a few years after sound on film was introduced<br> Sound track area originally used for larger picture by silent film s usable image area on film reduced in size to make room for sound track on release prints and most original camera negatives except Super 35 and television films, which continue to use the entire width of the negative between the rows of sprocket holes<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>TWO MAIN ASPECT RATIOS USED IN THEATRES SINCE 1953:<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- FLAT widescreen (usually 1.85:1, occasionally 1.66:1)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- SCOPE widescreen (usually 2.35:1, more often 2.39:1 or 2.4:1 for recent films)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- STANDARD non-widescreen (1.37:1 for sound, 1.33:1 for silent) gradually phased out after 1953 except for independent films and TV<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>TWO ASPECT RATIOS USED FOR TELEVISION SINCE 1990s<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Standard 1.33:1 (4x3) - copied after the traditional film standard when television was introduced during the 1930s<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Wide 1.78:1 (16x9) - compromise shape to make maximum use of limited number of screen pixels for both 1.37:1 films and 2.35:1 films <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span>with the least amount of letterboxing or <span class=SpellE>pillarboxing</span><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:3'>                                    </span>(shrinking original picture to fit available screen space, leaving blank bars on top and bottom or both sides),<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span>and less objectionable cropping or display of extraneous image area<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:3'>                                    </span>when enlarging 1.85:1 or reducing 1.66:1 films to fill the available screen space.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Super 35 film forma</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>t<br> a narrow area is extracted from the full photographed frame (including the soundtrack area) and optically converted to CinemaScope for projection at 2.35:1, leaving extra picture area on the original negative available for TV use without having to cut off the sides; also, this way an anamorphic lens is not required for the original photography (giving slightly different optical characteristics to the image that some cinematographers prefer)<br> -- a skillful cinematographer may try to compose the image to be compatible with both ratios, necessarily compromising aesthetics for some images in one format or the other, or may simply compose for one ratio (usually the theatrical 2.35:1 scope format) and protect for the other ratio.<br> -- the image may also be composed for 1.85:1 and optically reduced to standard 35mm for flat projection, thus providing slightly larger image area on the camera negative than shooting standard 35mm film with the soundtrack area left blank.<br> -- in the 1950s, the <span class=SpellE>SuperScope</span> process also used the full frame width on the negative, but usually composed the image for a 2:1 aspect ratio and optically converted it for projection with an anamorphic lens.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>NOTE: Each 35mm frame is 4 sprocket holes high regardless of the ratio that is projected on the screen. This results in wasted film area for any movie with optical sound using a ratio wider than 1.18, especially non-anamorphic widescreen ratios, since part of the films image area is masked off and not projected. Films made for 16x9 widescreen television that will not require projection prints (only a transfer to video) are often shot with modified cameras to give <span class=GramE>an image 3 perforations</span> high, allowing a 25% film cost savings. A number of low-budget movies during the 1960s-70s would use special <span class=SpellE>Techniscope</span> cameras with a 2-perforation image height (but still leaving space on the left for the soundtrack), yielding 2.35:1 images with a 50% savings in film costs while shooting. These would later be optically stretched to 4-perforations so they could be projected in a standard projector using a scope anamorphic lens.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>2.35:1 CinemaScope</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> anamorphic widescreen process introduced in 1953 that squeezes the image by half horizontally when photographed and then doubles its width when projected on screen. It is usually framed for 2.4:1 today to avoid showing splices; Scope films today are often converted from full-frame flat negatives (See Super 35 and <span class=SpellE>Techniscope</span>) and use an anamorphic lens for projection but not for the original photography. The very earliest CinemaScope films had a 2.66:1 image with the soundtrack on separate reels of film, and then tried a 2.55:1 image with narrow magnetic soundtracks but no optical track. To make films compatible with existing sound projectors, they finally switched to the standard optical soundtrack (sometimes with a magnetic track as well), which reduced the width of the picture to 2.35:1.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>1.85:1 Flat widescreen</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> format most commonly used today, though many films more aesthetically pleasing at 1.66:1 (a ratio about halfway between the height visible in theatres and the height visible on home video, when the full width of a non-anamorphic picture is used) the <b>1.66:1</b> format was more common in the mid-1950s, and is still used in Europe to some extent, especially when shooting Super 16 film for blowup to 35mm. A <b>1.75:1</b> flat widescreen format was also fairly common in the 1950s and has been used occasionally after 1.85 became accepted as the most common standard. The 1.75:1 format is almost identical to the recent 16x9 widescreen television picture ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>1.78:1 (or 16x9 widescreen and sometimes called 1.77:1 without rounding up to 1.78<span class=GramE>)</span><br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>This is the aspect ratio decided upon for widescreen television, roughly halfway between 1.66:1 and 1.85 to 1. Many new movies are composed with this ratio in mind as the final viewing option, although are designed to be safe if the image is either cropped to 1.85:1 or projected with slightly more picture information at 1.66:1. Sometimes Super 35 films released in scope theatrically are reframed for 1.78:1 instead of 2.35:1 for their widescreen DVD release, and may have originally been composed for either one ratio or the other.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>1.37:1 Academy ratio</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> is virtually identical to the 1.33:1 shape used by silent films, but the film area is masked on the left to make room for the soundtrack, and has a thicker <span class=SpellE>frameline</span>. The slight difference in frame height is to allow the screen shape to remain the same 1.33:1 ratio, while adjusting for a higher angle of projection that would require masking off a little bit of the sides in order to hide the keystone effect when the projector is not on the same level as the screen.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>1.18:1 <span class=SpellE>Movietone</span> ratio</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> format was used during the first few years of sound-on-film, from approximately 1927-1932. The left edge of the original 1.33:1 silent frame was masked off to allow the soundtrack to be printed on the film. A substantial portion of the top and bottom of the image is cut off when shown on television or with a 1.37:1 lens and aperture plate. This ratio uses the maximum amount of film available and is identical in area to the squeezed image used for CinemaScope, which is later <span class=SpellE>unsqueezed</span> to the 2.35:1 anamorphic widescreen ratio.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Area visible on television<br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>- CinemaScope picture, if reduced to fit TV width, leaves large blank borders above and below on both 4x3 and 16x9 monitors; if shown with the full TV screen height the sides of the image are not shown (except sometimes if filmed in Super 35 with the intention of showing extra image above and below the portion shown in theatres)<br> - Flat 1.66 and 1.85 ratio images may have their sides cut off slightly, or may be letterboxed with a smaller black border above and below the image on TV; more often they may show additional image area above and below what was seen in theatres and which was not all intended to be viewed (occasional microphones and tops of sets visible)<br> -A 16x9 video monitor must still be letterboxed to present a 1.85:1 or 2.35:1 image correctly, and must have black borders on its sides to present 1.66:1 or 1.33:1 images correctly. <br> -Regardless of aspect ratio (even 1.33:1 films on a 4x3 monitor) the TV screen cuts off <i>all</i> edges, especially the sides. Some video projectors can be adjusted to display all available pixels, but most films are still transferred to video with all the edges slightly cropped so that the <span class=SpellE>framelines</span> and sprocket holes will not be recorded, with the TV sets factory-set <span class=SpellE>underscanned</span> image display cropping off even more all around.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>See the <span class=SpellE>WideScreen</span> Museum on-line at <a href="http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/">http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/</a> for more details and other widescreen formats (like <span class=SpellE>VistaVision</span> horizontal double-frame 35mm film and various formats using the double-width 70mm film). Other screen ratios used for various formats include 2.2:1, 2.55:1, 2.66:1, 2.75, and more!<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>ACTING<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Actor in Movie vs. Character in Story<br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Star Persona vs. Character Performance<br> Method Acting <br> Typecasting/<span class=SpellE>Typage</span> </span></b><span style='font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>(often with nonprofessionals<span class=GramE>)</span><b><br> Improvisation </b>(rarely during shooting, more likely for rehearsals)<b><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]></b></span><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>TYPES OF ROLES<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Major/Star<br> Minor/Supporting<br> Character Role<br> Bit, Extra, Cameo<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Stunt Person </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>(substituting for actor in dangerous scenes<span class=GramE>)</span><b><br> Stand-in </b>(never actually appears on camera)</span><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> <br> FILMMAKING STYLES AFFECTING ACTING<br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Studio System / Major Mainstream Releases<br> <span class=SpellE>NeoRealism</span><br> French New Wave<br> Independent Cinema<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>EDITING <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Joining shots together in desired order <br> Imply relationship of a shot to preceding and following shots<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Cutting a film <span class=SpellE>workprint</span> vs. NLE (Non-linear Editing) on a computer<br> <span class=GramE>Conforming</span> the negative to the <span class=SpellE>workprint</span>, or to a computer-generated EDL (Edit Decision List)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>TRANSITIONS</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> Fade (fade-in or fade-out) <br> Dissolve <br> Wipe and other optical effects <br> Direct Cut <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>PURPOSES OF EDITING</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Allow filming out of sequence - convenience in production phase <br> Break long scenes into smaller units <br> Direct attention to details, esp. parts important to story <br> Show alternate views, for variety: LS/MS/CU, etc <br> Pacing and rhythm, for psychological effect <br> Emphasize relationship between two shots <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>TYPES OF SHOT RELATIONSHIPS:</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>GRAPHIC (esp. dissolves) - aesthetic or symbolic comparisons or contrasts <br> RHYTHMIC - pacing changes or parallels <br> SPATIAL - manipulating space that doesnt really exist - action and reaction <br> TEMPORAL - manipulating (condensing or expanding) time - showing different actions occurring simultaneously <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>CONTINUITY EDITING</span></b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> </span><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Spatial <span class=GramE>Continuity :</span> The 180-degree system <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Constant screen direction <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Shot/Reverse-Shot pattern <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><span class=SpellE>Eyeline</span> match (and POV cutting) <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Match on action (avoiding jump-cuts)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Establishing/Re-establishing shots<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Temporal Continuity (cf. plot structure) <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span></span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Order <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Frequency <br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Duration <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>ALTERNATIVES to continuity editing</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Graphic editing <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>- Visual motivation for cuts <br> <b>Rhythmic editing <br> </b>- Cutting in rhythmic patterns <br> <b>Discontinuity editing <br> </b>- Spatial discontinuity <br> - Temporal discontinuity (e.g., jump-cuts) <br> - Discontinuity to compare &amp; contrast<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> Montage (2 different usages of the same word)<br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>- A series of quick shots, often with dissolves or other transitions<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- usually used to convey a long period of time in only several seconds to a few minutes<br> - A filmmaking style that relies on <u>editing choices to convey important information and implications</u>, rather than simply photographing the <span class=SpellE>mise</span>-en-scene onto film and assembling shots into the proper order<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- based on the theory that joining two shots together results in new meaning, beyond the meaning of each individual shot<br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>SOUND - </span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Vibrations, Waves</span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Acoustic Properties <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Loudness (Amplitude, Volume, Dynamic range) <br> Pitch (Frequency, High/Low tones) <br> Timbre (Tonal quality, distinctive characteristic)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Sound in the Cinema <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Natural - Complementary - Unrealistic (ironic/comic)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Speech (Dialogue or Narration) <br> Music (Diegetic or <span class=SpellE>Nondiegetic</span>) <br> Noise (Sound Effects) <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Dimensions of Film Sound</span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Rhythm <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>-Regular beats or pulses <br> -Pacing or tempo <br> -Patterns of accents <br> <b>Fidelity <br> </b>-Faithfulness to source, real or unreal <br> <b>Space</b> <br> -Onscreen, off-screen, or non-diegetic <br> <b>Time <br> </b>-Synchronous or asynchronous <br> -Simultaneous or <span class=SpellE>nonsimultaneous</span> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Sound Recording</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>PROCESSES </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Magnetic tape - mag film - optical film </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Analog - analogous to actual sound <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Mechanical - needle in wax; shellac, vinyl - cylinders or disks - grooves of variable depth or width<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>first all-acoustic/mechanical, later (by mid-1920s) with electronic amplification <br> Optical/Electronic - waves photographed on film - variable density or variable area, silver emulsion or cyan dye<br> Magnetic/Electronic - variations in magnetic field <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Digital - numerical encoding of information <br> </span></b><span class=GramE><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>All</span></span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> electronic<br> Three <span class=SpellE>noncompatible</span> systems (Dolby, SDDS, DTS)</span><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> </span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style='font-size:13.5pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-no-proof:yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: Description: Description: 35mmOpticalSoundtracks" style='width:369pt;height:465pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Overheads_files/image007.jpg" o:title=" 35mmOpticalSoundtracks"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=492 height=620 src="Overheads_files/image008.jpg" alt="Description: Description: Description: 35mmOpticalSoundtracks" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_4"><![endif]></span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>TECHNIQUES</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>DOUBLE-SYSTEM</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> - sound recorded on separate audio recorder, picture photographed on film (or some video medium)<br> SINGLE-SYSTEM - sound recorded on same piece of film or videotape as picture (used only for home movies and news footage)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Live recording during filming <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Sync (dialogue, but not always sound effects) - sync dialogue sometimes used only as scratch track for post-dubbing<br> Wild (e.g. sound effects, ambient room tone) - no picture photographed while sound is recorded<br> MOS - no sound recorded while shot is photographed (sound added later in editing process)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Post-dubbed after filming <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>ADR - Automated Dialogue Replacement (looping) <br> Foley - sound effects studio<br> Music Scoring <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Prerecorded <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Played on set during filming (musical numbers)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span class=SpellE><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Multitrack</span></b></span><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> mixing <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Music - Sound Effects - Dialogue <br> <span class=GramE>Numerous</span> separate recordings added together <br> Individual volume &amp; stereo placement adjusted <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Monaural (mono) <br> </span></b><span class=GramE><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>One</span></span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> final mixed track <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Stereophonic (stereo) <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Two or more final mixed tracks <br> Movie theatre standard of four separate tracksScreen Left, Center, Right; Auditorium Surround <br> Digital standards of six discrete tracks (with L, C, R screen plus L &amp; R surround, and low-frequency Subwoofer)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-sometimes eight or nine tracks; sometimes five behind screen and/or L &amp; R plus rear-wall surround tracks<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-no-proof: yes'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Description: Description: Description: StereoTheatreLayout-sm" style='width:251.25pt;height:414pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="Overheads_files/image009.jpg" o:title=" StereoTheatreLayout-sm"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><![if !vml]><img border=0 width=335 height=552 src="Overheads_files/image010.jpg" alt="Description: Description: Description: StereoTheatreLayout-sm" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_5"><![endif]></span><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>For more on film sound</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> see the various pages and links at <a href="http://www.filmsound.org/">http://www.filmsound.org/</a><br> and at <a href="http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/">http://www.widescreenmuseum.com/</a> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>ANIMATION</span></b><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> - illusion of movement</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Series of Images</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> Drawings<br> Cutout Pictures <br> Models, Miniatures <br> Claymation, Sand, String <br> Computer Graphics<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Drawn Animation <br> </span></b><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Flip Book <br> Zoetrope (Wheel of Life) <br> Stop-motion photography: <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Chalk board on film (J. Stuart <span class=SpellE>Blackton</span>, 1900) <br> Individual drawings (Windsor <span class=SpellE>McCay</span>, Emile <span class=SpellE>Cohl</span>, 1907-11) <br> Overlays &amp; cutouts (John Bray, 1914) <br> <span class=SpellE>Cel</span> animation (Earl <span class=SpellE>Hurd</span>, 1914<span class=GramE>)</span><br> Models and miniatures (Emile <span class=SpellE>Cohl</span>, <span class=SpellE>Wladislaw</span> <span class=SpellE>Starewicz</span>, 1900s-1910s)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Synchronized Sound with cartoons</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> <i>Steamboat Willie</i> (1928) sound matched to picture <br> <i>Skeleton Dance</i> (1929) picture matched to sound <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Special Techniques</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span class=SpellE><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Rotoscoping</span></b></span><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Tracing live action from film or video (either onto paper, <span class=SpellE>cels</span>, or a computer graphics pad) <br> <b>Live-action with cartoons, models <br> </b>Rear-projection onto animation stand <br> Mattes, traveling mattes <br> Animation of still photos <br> <b>Computers in animation <br> </b>Computer-assisted (traced &amp; modified by artists) <br> Computer-programmed animation<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- rapid increase during late 1990s and early 2000s<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- output directly to film or video instead of traditional photography<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>- CGI animated special effects composited with photographed live scenes<br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![if !supportLineBreakNewLine]><br style='mso-special-character:line-break'> <![endif]><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>EXPERIMENTAL CINEMA</span></b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><i><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"'>Avant-Garde</span></i></b><b><span style='font-size: 14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> or art films<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Can use different forms or combine various forms </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>(see also Documentary Film Forms)<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Narrative Form </b>- telling some sort of story but often exploring unusual chronologies, techniques, or nontraditional extremes of stylization<br> <b><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Categorical Form </b>- arranging subjects merely by category, without any necessary time order or cause/effect relationship<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Abstract Form </b>- based around shapes, colors, movements, perhaps sounds, etc. for aesthetic visual interest or audio-visual combinations<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Associative Form </b>- one subject leads to another by some connection the two share, as in brainstorming or free association<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>DOCUMENTARY FILM</span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Fiction vs. Nonfiction <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Objective / Biased / Intentionally Misleading (propaganda) / <span class=SpellE>Mocumentary</span><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><span class=GramE>Every</span> choice made by filmmakers (what to shoot, how to shoot it, how to arrange and present it)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>automatically adds a certain inherent bias and removes complete objectivity, whether consciously or not<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><b><span style='font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Techniques <br> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Compilation of earlier film footage <br> Interviews with subjects <br> Film footage with (or without) narration <br> Inserts of maps, charts, etc. <br> Direct Cinema (<span class=SpellE>Cin<span style='mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua"'>éma</span></span></span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family:"Book Antiqua"'> <span class=SpellE>Vérité</span>)</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Documentaries are often written <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>after</i> footage is shot to reflect reality (whether objective or subjective)<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>rather than being shot specifically to illustrate a previously-written script, unless rhetorical in purpose<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>Editing</span></i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'> is the key to an effective documentary<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-especially using principles of montage to imply meanings and connections<br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>-often comparing or contrasting visual information with verbal information, mixing sounds and images<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'>DOCUMENTARY FORMS</span><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><br> </span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt;font-family: "Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>NARRATIVE<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 2'>                        </span>-information arranged by cause &amp; effect,<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 3'>                                    </span><span class=GramE>like</span> a story, often chronological</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>CATEGORICAL<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 2'>                        </span>- <span class=GramE>information</span> arranged by category<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>RHETORICAL <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 2'>                        </span>- <span class=GramE>persuasive</span> argument (debate tactics) -- TV commercials, propaganda films, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>ASSOCIATIONAL<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 2'>                        </span>-scenes arranged by some sort of similarity<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=OverheadText><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:28.0pt; font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";font-weight:normal'><span style='mso-tab-count: 3'>                                    </span>(<span class=GramE>more</span> of an experimental art film)</span><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size: 28.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:20.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>FILM THEORY &amp; CRITICISM<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Theory <o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Principles to help analyze and understand <i>meaning</i><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span>FORMALIST the film itself, structure &amp; form<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span>REALIST ways the film represents reality<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:2'>                        </span>CONTEXTUALIST film in various contexts (esp. to identify <i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>symptomatic</i> content)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Meanings EXPLICIT / IMPLICIT / IDEOLOGICAL</span></b><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Themes, Allusions, Metaphors, <i>Symptomatic</i> interpretation <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'>Critical interpretive approaches<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Mimesis vs. Catharsis </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>(Plato vs. Aristotle)<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Dualism </b>(pairs, binary opposites, dichotomies  character types, settings, ideologies, etc.)<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Audience Reception </b>(in social/historical context)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>      </span></span></b><span class=SpellE><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa'>Auteurist</span></b></span><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'> </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>considers the director as the author, identifies recurring themes in directors films<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p> <p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:Ottawa'><span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Psychological </span></b><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif";mso-bidi-font-family: Ottawa;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>often identifies Freudian theories with plot elements (subconscious, sexual, etc.)<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Marxist </b>considers class conflict as primary motivation<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span>Feminist </b>examines attitudes toward women<b><br> <span style='mso-tab-count:1'>            </span><span class=SpellE>Culturalist</span> </b>looks at film as a reflection of its culture, time, and place<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><span style='font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Book Antiqua","serif"'><a href="Intropage.htm">BACK to Intro to Film main page</a><o:p></o:p></span></p> </div> </body> </html>