Nuremberg Trial Transcripts

CENTER FOR HUMAN RIGHTS & GENOCIDE STUDIES COLLECTIONS

NUREMBERG TRIAL TRANSCRIPTS | Nazi Occupation of Norway

Nuremberg Trial Transcripts: Nazi Occupation of Norway

Document Selection

Phase 1: The Hostage Case (COMPLETE)

Indictment

Excerpts from Opening Statement

Ferdinand Jodl

Lothar Rendulic

Trygve Schance

Ivar Follestad

Evidentiary Documents NOKW 086, NOKW 090, NOKW 1776, L318, L322, L 323 (36p)

Excerpts from Closing Statement

Phase 2: The Hostage Case & The High Command Case (COMPLETE)

Complete Opening Statement (Hostage)

Complete Closing Statement (Hostage)

Otto Schniewind (4760-4780; 4836-4878; 4982-5005) (Box 166; 167)

Lehmann (8069-8079)

Evidentiary Documents: NOKW 097 (5p), NOKW 098 (4p), C 48 (4p), PS 754 (6p), NOKW 064 (4p), NOKW 060 (4p), NOKW 114 (3p)

Phase 3: The High Command Case

Indictment (COMPLETE)

Excerpts from Opening Statement

Warlimont (6472-6483; 6609-6627; 6839-6842) (Box 168)

Evidentiary Documents C 122 (10p), TC 31 (3p), C-5 (6p), SKL 308, C-63 (1 p), C 64 (7p), C 65 (2p), C 66 (10p), C 70 (1p), C 71 (2p), NOKW 065 (25p) (COMPLETE), SKL 315, C-100 (1p), PS 1809, C 174 (9p), SKL 316, NOKW 2265 (15p), NOKW 2266 (7p), D 629 (6p), SKL 323, SKL 324, NOKW 3520, SKL 301, C 116 (1p), C 119 (6p), NOKW 059 (1p) (COMPLETE),

Excerpts from Closing Statement

Image Capture

1. Creating items (Scanning procedures)

Scanning will be done on the scanning machine in Room 437A

1. Turn scanner on ( EPSON Expression 10000 XL)

2. Turn computer on

3. Windows Login, enter username and password

4. Open “Adobe Photoshop CS” found on desktop

5. Place object face down in the top left hand corner of scanner (there is small white arrow, place in that corner)

6. Go to ‘File’>’Import’>Epson Expression 10000XL’

a. This will bring up the ‘Epson Scan’ interface.

7. Change the mode to ‘Professional Mode’

8. Make sure the 'Resolution' and 'Image Type' are set to requirements for each document scanned (24 bit color/8 bit grayscale etc) (600dpi/2400dpi etc)

If scanned in grayscale must be ' 8bit grayscale'

9. Click ‘Preview’

a. Select the scanning area for the object.

b. Make sure that the image is 5000 pixels in the long dimension

10. Click ‘Scan’

a. After scanning is finished, you will get a raw image of the object in Photoshop.

11. Close ‘Epson Scan’ interface.

12. Once in Photoshop, make sure the image looks okay.

a. If the image is sideways or upside down, go to ‘Image’>’Rotate Canvas’>and then select the proper value.

b. If it needs to be cropped, select the 'Crop' tool on the side menu, and crop to selected size.

13. Once the image is carefully checked, save it as a TIFF file without compression (otherwise known as a “master file”) by going to ‘File’>’Save As’>select ‘TIFF’ for format.

a. Name the file following the file naming convention (i.e. UAP4427) and select the proper folder (C:\Documents and Settings\Administrator\My Documents\SpecialCollection\UAP).

b. Click ‘Save’>in TIFF options select

i. Image Compression-‘NONE’

ii. Byte Order- ‘IBM PC’

iii. Uncheck-‘Save Image Pyramid’

c. Click ‘OK’

d. NOTE: This is your master image which should be the highest quality you can afford. (See pp. 24-25, 28 in Western States Digital Imaging Best Practices)

1a. Creating items (DVD-R burning procedures)

1. For quality control, Curt or Kwangsoo might assess the histogram or color. See WSDSG pp. 35-38.

e. How to do a ‘Histogram Assessment’(written by Kwangsoo)

i. In Photoshop, open an image (Skip this if an image is just created by scanning)

ii. Go to ‘Windows’>’Histogram’

1. This will open the ‘Histogram’ panel; on that graph make sure that there is some margin on both sides.

iii. If necessary, Save the image as a different type of file, by going to ‘File’>’Save As’>select a different format.

iv. Because ContentDM Acquisition Station automatically generates a display image of JPEG2000, this should not be necessary in most cases. If you do need to change the file format or file size, refer to the image collection policy (see pp. 29-30 Western States Digital Image Best Practices). ContentDM supports TIFF and JPEG (JPG or JPEG2000)

2. After the histogram assessment has been completed and you have enough images scanned, burn them to DVD-R.

a. Open ‘Nero StartSmart’

b. Go to ‘Data’>’Make Data DVD’. This will open ‘Nero Express.’

c. In ‘Nero Express’ window, click ‘Add’. Locate the folder where your TIFF images are stored and select the images that you want to burn to disc. When you have selected all of the files that you want to burn, making sure not to exceed the data capacity of the DVD, click ‘Finished’.

d. Click ‘Next’

e. Change the ‘Disc Name’ field to reflect the disc number that you are burning (i.e. UNDPhotos_Disc_24).

f. Deselect ‘Allow files to be added later’

g. Select ‘Verify data on disc after burning’

h. Select ‘2’ in ‘number of copies’ (this will allow you to burn both a master and a user copy; if you are only burning one disc, change to ‘1’)

i. Click ‘Burn’

j. When prompted, insert a blank DVD into the correct drive.

3. After both discs have been burned, confirm that the files on the DVD are able to be accessed.

4. Label the DVD with the appropriate volume number and collection information. One of these discs is the archival master copy and should be stored in the vault. The other should be labeled with the appropriate volume number and collection information, as well as “User Copy.” This disc will be used to upload images to ContentDM.

5. Delete the TIFF Files that have been burned to DVD from the local drive.

1b. (Converting images from TIFF to JPG for web delivery)

1. Open Adobe Photoshop

2. Go to File>Open>select a TIFF image from the DVD or from the local directory where you have saved your TIFF Files.

3. Go to File>Save as>select ‘JPEG’ from the ‘Format’ pull down menu. Make sure that you are saving your images in the proper directory (usually an ‘Images’ folder that is in the same directory as your web pages) and click ‘OK’ in the JPEG Options dialog box.

a. Note: This will convert the file to JPEG, which will enable web delivery; however, the image may still be very large. If you want to specify the size of the image (for a thumbnail), follow the following procedure.

b. Go to Image>Image size>in the image size dialog box you can change the size accordingly. Unless you are using a set pixel height and width (i.e., a 200 pixel x 200 pixel thumbnail) because of your style sheet, make sure that you have ‘constrain proportions’ and ‘resample image’ checked. This will simply scale down the proportions of the image and decrease distortion. Then follow the procedures for step 3.

4. Once you have converted all of you images to JPEGS, you will be able to link to them in your web pages and/or the Webmaster can upload them to the project’s web server space.

2. Transcribing Documents

1. Open a MS Word document

2. Go to File>Save As>and save the file according to the naming convention that has been set for the project. In the case of Nuremberg, you will save the page with the same name as the image that you are transcribing.

3. Because the ink on the documents has begun to fade, OCR (Optical Character Recognition) is not the most efficient way to transcribe these documents. As a result, they need to be transcribed manually.

Begin transcribing the information according to the following standards:

It is essential when transcribing archival documents to maintain the spelling, grammar, and punctuation of the original. Remember, we are not correcting, just transferring the information from one medium to another (scholarly work can be done later in a different forum).

In the case of this project, it is not necessary to create an exact facsimile representation of the page. In other words, while you will maintain spelling, paragraph breaks, and headers for the Nuremberg Trial Transcripts, it is not necessary to maintain line breaks within paragraphs, except if it marks an extended block quotation. (Guidelines for transcriptions are always up to the editor of the project and may vary. Obviously if working with poetry, line breaks are important.)

If there are words that are unclear or illegible, you should either provide your best interpretation of the word/letter and enclose it in brackets (i.e., [stop]) or note in brackets that it is illegible (i.e. [illegible]).

Remember to include the page number as it appears on the page.

4. Once you have transcribed the document, in order to ensure accuracy, at least one other person should verify your transcription. If there is disagreement about a portion of the transcription, you should ask the project editor/manager what she thinks it is and discuss the matter. The project editor/manager will make the final decision as to how to handle the situation.

3. Converting Documents from MS Word to XHTML

Once you have a complete MS word document transcription for the archival materials, you will need to convert it to a basic XHTML document. This is relatively easy and essentially, your computer can do the work for you.

1. Open your word document in MS Word. Go to File>Save as> and then save your file as Rich Text Format (.rtf)

2. While you can use an open-source program such as HTML Tidy to do this next step, the easiest thing to use TextEdit.app on a MAC.

3. To convert from your .rtf file to .html open your .rtf file in TextEdit.app (under applications in the Finder window).

4. Go to TextEdit>Preferences>and click on the ‘Open and Save’ tab.

5. Under HTML saving options, under ‘Document Type’ select ‘XHTML 1.0 Transitional’; under ‘Styling’ select ‘No CSS’; under ‘Encoding’ select ‘Unicode UTF-8’; also click ‘Preserve White Space’. Close the dialog box.

6. Next, go to File>Save as>and select ‘HTML’ from the ‘File Format’ pull down menu and save the file in the appropriate directory.

7. Close the file.

4. Converting documents from XHTML to TEI compliant XML

Complete documentation for TEI compliant XML is available at the following:

http://www.tei-c.org/index.xml

4a. Updating the TEI Header for your file

1. Open oXygen XML Editor.

2. Download the “Nuremberg Template” from the specified location (currently available as a link at http://www.und.nodak.edu/instruct/calberts/Nuremberg.htm)

3. Open the template in oXygen.

4. Go to File>Save As>and save the Nuremberg Template according to the file naming convention that the project manager has specified. This will ensure that your XML work is saved and that the standardized template with the TEI Header is not changed.

5. The TEI Header contains the file metadata and is necessary to have a valid XML file. The vast majority of the information will remain standard. However, there are a few things that will need to be changed.

a. Under the <titleStmt> tag, you will need to change the information below in bold to reflect what you are working on and who is working on it:

<title level="s" type="main">Nuremberg Trial Transcripts</title>

<title level="a" type="main">The Hostage Case</title>

<title level="a" type="subtitle">INSERT PAGE NUMBERS/TESTIMONY INFORMATION HERE</title>

<funder>University of North Dakota</funder>

<resp>compiled by</resp>

<name>INSERT YOUR NAME HERE</name>

</respStmt>

</titleStmt>

b. You will also need to enter information for each person who speaks in your portion of the trial transcript in the <particDesc> tag. Be as detailed as possible, but make sure that information is from a reliable source, such as the Green Series biographies or from the trial transcripts themselves. For each speaker, start a new <person> tag and enter the rest of the information in the appropriate tag. For example:

<persName xml:id="Wennerstrum">Judge Charles F. Wennerstrum</persName>

<affiliation>Presiding Member of the Tribunal</affiliation>

<note>Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of Iowa.</note>

</person>

<persName xml:id="Rendulic">Lothar Rendulic</persName>

<affiliation>Nazi Officer and Defendant in Hostage Case</affiliation>

<nationality>Austrian</nationality>

<birth>Born <date when="1887-10-23">October 23, 1887</date></birth>

<langKnowledge><langKnown tag="ger">German</langKnown>

<langKnown tag="fr">French</langKnown>

<langKnown tag="it">Italian</langKnown>

<langKnown tag="en">English</langKnown>

</langKnowledge>

</person>

</listPerson>

</particDesc>

For more information on the tags available and what they are meant to include, consult the TEI Guidelines.

c. You will also need to provide a unique id for each person in the “xml:id” attribute. For the sake of simplicity, use the person’s last name, as shown above. This must be a unique value; if there are two people with the same last name, ask the project manager to decide on what ids to assign.

d. If you are making revisions to a preexisting file, you will need to record that information in the <revisionDesc> tag :

<date when="yyyy-mm-dd">INSERT DATE HERE and enter the date in the standard form in the “when” attribute</date>

<name>INSERT NAME HERE</name>

<affiliation>University of North Dakota </affiliation>

<note>EXPLANATION OF CHANGES GOES HERE </note>

</change>

</revisionDesc>

6. Save the changes that you made to your XML file.

4b. Copying your XHTML into your XML file

Now that your teiHeader contains the proper metadata, you are ready to begin on the body of your file.

7. Open your HTML file in oXygen

8. In your HTML file, select all text and tags that appear within the <body></body> tags and copy (control+C or Open Apple + C or Edit>copy) the selected text.

9. Go to your XML file, place your cursor after the following lines

<body>

and paste the information (control + v, Open apple + v or Edit>paste)

10. By doing this, you will notice that the bar on the right hand side of the oXygen editor has a number of red lines on it. Each one of these lines represents an error in your file. Most of these are because you need to strip the style information that remained in your file after the .rtf to .html conversion, as these tags are in XHTML and are not recognized as XML. Consequently, you will want to strip or convert all tags that are incompatible with TEI compliant XML. Oftentimes, you can do a search and replace to make this process faster.

a. Remember to be cautious when doing a global find and replace, otherwise you can eliminate tags that you need.

b. Remember you will need to do separate find and replace for the opening and closing tags.

c. Note: if you want to simply eliminate a tag, you can leave the replace blank and the tag that you are searching will just be erased.

11. is the tag for paragraphs in both XHTML and TEI compliant XML and should be maintained to mark paragraph breaks. However, is used for XHTML to specify font type and size. It is not a legal tag in XML and should be removed. In other words,

OTEBAL TAYLOR: Your Honor, I desire to turn next to the changes concerning devastation and deportation in Northern Norway. These are the charges embodied in the first specification

Should become:

OTEBAL TAYLOR: Your Honor, I desire to turn next to the changes concerning devastation and deportation in Northern Norway. These are the charges embodied in the first specification

12. is an XHTML tag that marks passages that are to be underlined. The XML equivalent is <hi rend=”underline”></hi>

13. is an XHTML tag that marks passages that are to be italicized. The XML equivalent is <hi rend=”italics”></hi>

14. is an XHTML tag that marks passages that are to appear as subscript. The XML equivalent is <hi rend=”subscript”></hi>

15. is an XHTML tag that marks passages that are to appear as superscript. The XML equivalent is <hi rend=”superscript”></hi>

16. is the XHTML tag that marks a hard return. The XML equivalent is <lb/>

17. When you have removed all incompatible tags, you will see a green square at the top right hand corner of the oXygen window, this lets you know that you have a valid file.

18. While this file is valid, it is not richly encoded in the proper structure. As a result, you will need to make another pass to put it in the proper structure.

4c. Completing your TEI compliant XML file

At this time, TEI does not have a schema for legal documents. Consequently, we are using the schema that most closely reflects the genre of a trial transcript, which is “drama.”

The following is an example what the page should look like after completing step 4b:

Court V - Case YII

22 Aug 47-A-35-1-EHM-Stone (Hildesheimer)

THE MARSHAL: Persons in the courtroom will be seated.

Military Tribunal 5 is again in session.

PRESIDING JUDGE BURKE: You may proceed.

MR. DENNEY: May it please Your Honors, the first film which is being shown will last approximately twenty minutes, and it is a film having to do with the picture in Greece, and is part of the reports of the Office of War Crimes of Greece. It is offered as Prosecutions Exhibit No. 509.

PRESIDING JUDGE BURKE: You may proceed.

MR. DENNEY: May it please Your Honors, the captions are in Greek, so they will be translated into both English and German.

(A film entitled "From the Tragedy of our Country” was shown.)

"From the Tragedy of our Country,

"In order that we may have a picture of the tragedy of our country during the period of the occupation, I decided in spite of the difficulties and the risks involved to take a film, which though historically accurate is artistically inferior due to the conditions under which it was made.

"It may be noted that taking even a simple picture of military units is punishable by death. Athens, April 27, 1941, Angelos Papanastasiou, Municipal Councillor of Athens.

"On 6 April 1941 Germany, for the sake of saving the defeated Italian Army on the Albanian front, attacked us from behind, Our heroic army, faced with the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Germans, was forced to withdraw and on

27 April 1941 the German troops entered Athens.

"On 27 April 1941 the German swastika is hoisted on the sacred Rock of the Acropolis and on 6 May 1941 the Italian flag.

"Central buildings of the city are seized by the German and Italian military authorities. Many enterprises are forced to close. Whole blocks of flats,

including all furniture, are requisitioned in

2590

In order to encode this file in richly encoded TEI compliant XML, you will need read the content and encode it accordingly.

1. The first two lines of the page are as follows:

Court V - Case VII

22 Aug 47-A-35-1-EHM-Stone (Hildesheimer)

Essentially these lines state identify the court document and would be used by the court clerks. They are lines (<l>) of text and not paragraphs () proper and should be encoded as such:

<l>Court V - Case YII</l>

<l>22 Aug 47-A-35-1-EHM-Stone (Hildesheimer)</l>

2. In the above passage, is the following:

PRESIDING JUDGE BURKE: You may proceed.

Essentially, this means that the “Presiding Judge Burke” states “You may proceed.” Or, there is a speech (marked by the <sp> tag), in which Judge Burke is the speaker (marked by the <speaker> tag), who speaks the words “you may proceed” (marked by the paragraph tag). However, because “Presiding Judge Burke” does not give the complete biographical information, you will record that information as an attribute (in this case “who”) to the <sp> tag (which will be the id that corresponds to Burke’s <particDesc> entry). Or, as it would appear in code:

<sp who="#Burke"><speaker>PRESIDING JUDGE BURKE</speaker>You may proceed. </sp>

3. You will also need to tag place names. For example: <placeName>Greece</placeName>

4. You will need to tag dates. For example: <date when="1941-04-27">April 27, 1941</date>

5. You will also need to tag names of people. For example: <persName>Angelos Papanastasiou, <roleName>Municipal Councillor of <placeName>Athens</placeName></roleName></persName>

6. Occasionally, there are parenthetical remarks, which comment on something done in court that is not spoken. Generally speaking, these are analogous to stage directions and can be encoded as such. For example: <stage><l>(A film entitled "From the Tragedy of our Country” was shown.)</l></stage>

7. You will also need to tag bibliographic information. For example:

<bibl>Prosecutions Exhibit No. 509</bibl> or <title>"From the Tragedy of our Country</title>

8. You will also need to tag quotations. For example: <quote>"In order that we may have a picture of the tragedy of our country during the period of the occupation,

I decided in spite of the difficulties and the risks involved to take a film, which though historically accurate is artistically inferior due to the conditions under which it was made.</quote>

9. Finally, you will need to mark the page breaks. For example: <pb n="2590"/>

Consequently, the page above will now look as follows:

<l>Court V - Case YII</l>

<l>22 Aug 47-A-35-1-EHM-Stone (Hildesheimer)</l>

<sp><speaker>THE MARSHAL:</speaker> Persons in the courtroom will be seated.

Military Tribunal 5 is again in session.

</sp>

<sp who="#Burke"><speaker>PRESIDING JUDGE BURKE</speaker>You may proceed.

</sp>

<sp who="#Denney"><speaker>MR. DENNEY:</speaker>May it please Your Honors, the first film which is being shown will last approximately twenty minutes, and it is a film having to do with the picture in <placeName>Greece</placeName>, and is part of the reports of the Office of War Crimes of <placeName>Greece</placeName>. It is offered as <bibl>Prosecutions Exhibit No. 509</bibl>.</sp>

<sp who="#Burke"><speaker>PRESIDING JUDGE BURKE:</speaker>You may proceed.

</sp>

<sp who="#Denney"><speaker>MR. DENNEY:</speaker>May it please Your Honors, the captions are in Greek, so they will be translated into both English and German.</sp>

<stage><l>(A film entitled "From the Tragedy of our Country” was shown.)</l></stage>

<title>"From the Tragedy of our Country</title>,

<quote>"In order that we may have a picture of the tragedy of our country during the period of the occupation,

I decided in spite of the difficulties and the risks involved to take a film, which though historically accurate

is artistically inferior due to the conditions under which it was made.</quote>

<quote>"It may be noted that taking even a simple picture of military units is punishable by death.<placeName>Athens</placeName>,

<date when="1941-04-27">April 27, 1941</date>, <persName>Angelos Papanastasiou, <roleName>Municipal Councillor of <placeName>Athens</placeName></roleName></persName>.</quote>

<quote>"On <date when="1941-04-06">6 April 1941</date> <placeName>Germany</placeName>, for the sake of saving the defeated Italian Army on the Albanian front,

attacked us from behind, Our heroic army, faced with the overwhelming numerical superiority of the Germans, was forced to withdraw and on

<date when="1941-04-27">27 April 1941</date> the German troops entered <placeName>Athens</placeName>.</quote>

<quote>"On <date when="1941-04-27">27 April 1941</date> the German swastika is hoisted on the sacred <placeName>Rock of the Acropolis</placeName> and on

<date when="1941-05-06">6 May 1941</date> the Italian flag.</quote>

<quote>"Central buildings of the city are seized by the German and Italian military authorities. Many enterprises are forced to close. Whole blocks of flats,

including all furniture, are requisitioned in</quote>