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Geology and Geological Engineering (Geol and GeoE)
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Forsman, Gerla, Ghassemi, Gosnold (Chair), Groenewold, Hartman, Josephs, Korom, LeFever, Matheney, Perkins and Zeng

The Department of Geology and Geological Engineering offers Bachelor of Science degrees in Geology, Geological Engineering, and Environmental Geoscience, the Master of Arts and Master of Science degrees in Geology, the Master of Science degree in Geological Engineering, and the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Geology. The goals of the undergraduate programs are to provide professional preparation for majors in the geosciences and engineering and to provide guidance to non-majors seeking to gain a greater understanding of Earth and planetary environments and resources. Four active student organizations, Sigma Gamma Epsilon (the national earth science honorary society), The Association of Engineering Geologists, The Association of Undergraduate Geologists, and INGEOS (Indians into Geosciences) provide academic and social opportunities for students including: guest speakers, field trips, research experience, scholarships, and thesis research support.

Facilities


The Department of Geology and Geological Engineering is housed in Leonard Hall, a facility specifically designed for Geology and Geological Engineering. Leonard Hall facilities are superior to those in most geoscience departments at universities similar in size and mission to UND and include a variety of equipment for teaching and research in field and laboratory areas such as hydrogeology, geophysics, stratigraphy, paleontology, mineralogy, petrology, and geological engineering. The North Dakota Geological Survey’s Core and Sample Library is located directly across the street from Leonard Hall and houses approximately 80 miles of cores and approximately 40,000 boxes of drill cuttings of the Williston Basin as well as an extensive collection of water well samples and cores. The F. D. Holland Geology Library, located on the third floor of Leonard Hall, is one of the largest geoscience libraries in the upper Midwest.

For more information about our department and facilities, please visit our web site at www.goelogy.und.edu.


UNDERGRADUATE PROGRAMS


Four degrees are offered: the Bachelor of Science in Geology and the Bachelor of Arts with a Major in Geology in the College of Arts and Sciences, and the Bachelor of Science in Geological Engineering and the Bachelor of Science in Environmental Geoscience in the School of Engineering and Mines.

College of Arts and Sciences

B.S. IN GEOLOGY

Required 125 credits (36 of which must be numbered 300 or above, and 60 of which must be from a 4-year institution) including:
     
 
I.

General Education Requirements (see University GER listing).
   
 
II.

The Following Curriculum:
   
   
48-49 major hours, including:
   
    Geol 101 & 101L Introduction to Geology and Laboratory
(4)
    Geol 102 & 102L The Earth Through Time and Laboratory
(4)
    Geol 311 Geomorphology  
(4)
    Geol 318 Mineralogy  
(3)
    Geol 320 Petrology  
(3)
    Geol 330 Structural Geology  
(3)
    Geol 356 Geoscience Lectures  
(1)
    Geol 411 Sedimentology & Stratigraphy  
(5)
    Geol 420 The Evolving Earth  
(3)
    Geol 421 Seminar I  
(1)
    Geol 422 Seminar II  
(1)
    Geol 487 Research I  
(1)
    Geol 488 Research II  
(2)
    Geol 494 Senior Thesis  
(1)
      Field Geology (Summer; not available at UND)
(6)
   
Two courses from:
   
    Geol 321 Geochemistry  
(3)
    Geol 414 Applied Geophysics  
(3)
    Geol 415 Introduction to Paleontology  
(4)
    GeoE 417 Hydrogeology  
(3)
   
Required in other departments:
   
    Chem 121, 121L    
 
         122, 122L General Chemistry I & II and Laboratories
(8)
    Engl 110 College Composition I  
(3)
    *Engl 125 Technical and Business Writing  
(3)
    Engr 200 Computer Applications in Engineering
(2)
    Math 165 & 166 Calculus I & II  
(8)
    Phys 211/211L,    
 
    Phys 212/212L College Physics I, II and Laboratories
(8)
   
One course from:
   
    Math 265 Calculus III  
(4)
    Math 321 Applied Statistical Methods  
(3)
    Psyc 241 Introduction to Statistics  
(4)
    Departmentally approved courses in engineering, mathematics, foreign language, and other fields of student interest  
 (22-24)
   
*English 120 acceptable alternate course.
 

Teacher Certification
     

Students seeking secondary teacher certification in Geology must complete the Department of Teaching and Learning Requirements in Secondary Education. Students seeking certification should follow the curriculum for the B.S. in Geology and select Statistics (Psyc 241, Math 321) rather than Math 265 or Computer Science. The 24 additional hours in science, computer science, statistics, engineering, mathematics, or a foreign language must include courses in Biology, Atmospheric Sciences, and Astronomy.

Geology majors seeking secondary certification must have an adviser both in the Department of Geology and Geological Engineering and in the Department of Teaching and Learning. Formal admission to Teacher Education is required and is normally sought while the student is enrolled in T&L 325 (see Department of Teaching and Learning listing). 

B.A. WITH MAJOR IN GEOLOGY     

Required 125 credits (36 of which must be numbered 300 or above, and 60 of which must be from a 4-year institution) including:
     
 
I.

General Education Requirements (see University GER listing).
   
 
II.

The Following Curriculum:
   
   
40 major hours, including:
   
    Geol 101 & 101L Introduction to Geology and Laboratory
(4)
    Geol 102 & 102L The Earth Through Time and Laboratory
(4)
    Geol 311 Geomorphology  
(4)
    Geol 318 Mineralogy  
(3)
    Geol 320 Petrology  
(3)
    Geol 330 Structural Geology  
(3)
    Geol 356 Geoscience Lectures  
(2)
    Geol 420 The Evolving Earth  
(3)
    Geol 422 Seminar II  
(1)
      Geology Electives (300 level and above)
(13)
   
Required in other departments
   
    Computer Science and/or Statistics   
(8)
    Chem 121, 121L    
 
         122, 122L General Chemistry I & II and Laboratories  
(8)
    Math 103 College Algebra  
(3)
    Math 105 Trigonometry  
(2)
    Phys 211, 211L,    
 
         Phys 212, 212L College Physics I, II and Laboratories  
(8)
   
One of the following:
   
   
A.
Level IV proficiency in a foreign language and 6 hours of Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities beyond the University requirement
(22)
B.
Level II proficiency in a foreign language and 14 hours of Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities beyond the University requirement
(22)
C.
Social Sciences and Arts and Humanities beyond the University requirement
(22)
    Nonspecified electives approved by adviser   
(7)

MINOR IN GEOLOGY     

Required: 20 credits including:
     
  7-8 credits from:    
    Geol 101 & 101L Introduction to Geology and  
 
      Laboratory  
(4)
         OR    
 
    GeoE 203 Geology for Engineers  
(3)
    Geol 102 & 102L The Earth Through Time and Laboratory
(4)
 
6 credits from:
    
    Geol 103 Introduction to Environmental Issues
(3)
    Geol 111 Views of the Earth and Planets
(3)
    Geol 311 Geomorphology  
(4)
    Geol 322 Environmental Geology  
(3)
 
Remaining electives chosen from Geology courses numbered 214 or higher, not including 303.
    


School of Engineering and Mines

The Geological Engineering curriculum gives the student a strong background in engineering and geology that serves as a foundation for meaningful professional practice. Geological engineering encompasses 1) exploration and extraction of mineral and energy resources, 2) geomechanics, 3) hydrogeology, 4) reclamation and contaminant remediation, 5) environmental site assessment, and 6) natural hazard investigation. These areas of expertise span the gap between civil, mining, environmental engineering and geology. To meet these demands, the curriculum contains a broad background in the physical and social sciences, humanities, communications, mathematics, geology, and engineering topics. The program is accredited by action of the Engineering Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology. Courses in the curriculum are arranged and integrated to provide the student with progressive preparation for engineering evaluation and design. To facilitate the transition from student to professional, the senior year has a capstone experience that incorporates student creativity and sociological and engineering criteria into a major design project.

As the demand for mineral, energy, and water resources increases and population growth and urbanization place a greater strain on the environment, the nation and world will need engineers with a thorough knowledge of geologic materials, processes, and history. The goal of the geological engineering program at the University of North Dakota is to provide students with the engineering skills and geological expertise necessary to assure that geological, social, and environmental factors are incorporated in the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of engineered structures and systems within their natural setting. Through its strong environmental emphasis, the department strives to develop in its engineering graduates keen insight and abilities to design an environmentally sound and sustainable future for humanity.

To achieve this goal, the department has the following objectives for its engineering graduates:

    1. Program graduates shall have attained sufficient proficiency to practice geological engineering in at least one of the areas of exploration and production of mineral and energy resources, geomechanics, hydrogeology, reclamation, or site assessment/remediation.
    2. Program graduates shall have the ability to competently perform a wide range of design tasks in at least one of the areas of exploration and production of mineral and energy resources, geomechanics, hydrogeology, reclamation, or site assessment/remediation.
    3. Program graduates shall have attained sufficient proficiency in discipline-related areas such as mathematics, physical sciences, social sciences, and arts and humanities to enable them to understand technical and nontechnical issues related to the practice of engineering.
    4. Program graduates shall be skilled in written, verbal and media-based communication, working in multi-disciplinary teams, geoscience and engineering workstation methods, and research methods.
    5. Program graduates shall be prepared to enter a graduate program in geological engineering or geology if they so desire.

           

B.S. IN GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING     

Required: 136 credits including:
     
 
I.

General Education Requirements (see University GER listing).
   
 
II.

The Following Curriculum:
   
   
Freshman Year
First Semester
Second Semester
    Math 165 Calculus I
(4)
 
    Chem 121, 121L General Chemistry I, Lab
(4)
 
    Engl 110 Composition I
(3)
 
    GeoE 203 Geology for Engineers.
(3)
 
    Geol 318 Mineralogy
 
(3)
    Math 166 Calculus II
 
(4)
    Chem 122, 122L General Chemistry II, Lab
 
(4)
    Phys 251/251L University Physics I
 
(4)
   

Sophomore Year
 
 
 
    Math 265 Calculus III
(4)
 
    Phys 252 University Physics II
(4)
 
    Engr 200 Computer Applications in
 
 
      Engineering
(2)
 
    Engr 201 Statics
(3)
 
    Geol 320 Petrology
(3)
 
      Social Science
(3)
 
    EE 206 Circuit Analysis
 
 
         OR
 
 
    Engr 202 Dynamics
 
(3)
    Econ 201 Principles of Economics I
 
(3)
    Engl 125 Technical and Business Writing
 
(3)
    GeoE 323 Engineering Geology
 
(3)
    Math 266 Introduction to Differential
 
 
      Equations
 
(3)
      Arts and Humanities
 
(3)
   

Junior Year
 
 
 
    Engr 203 Mechanics of Materials
(3)
 
    Engr 306 Fluid Mechanics
(3)
 
    ME 341 Thermodynamics
(3)
 
      Communication Elective
(3)
 
    Statistics Elective (Econ 210, Psyc 241, or Math 321) 
(3)
 
    Geol 411 Sedimentology & Stratigraphy
 
(5)
    Geol 330 Structural Geology
 
(3)
    CiEn 412 Soil Mechanics
 
(3)
      Technical Elective*
 
(3)
      Arts and Humanities
 
(3)
      Summer
 
 
    Field Geology (South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Black Hills Field Station)
(6)
 
   

Senior Year
 
 
 
    Geol 414 Applied Geophysics
(3)
 
    Phil 370 M Q & P: Ethics in Engineering
(3)
 
    GeoE 417 Hydrogeology
(3)
 
    GeoE 455 Geomechanics
(4)
 
    GeoE 484 Geological Engineering Design
(3)
 
    Engr 460 Engineering Economy
 
(3)
    GeoE 485 Geological Engineering Design
 
(3)
    Geol 422 Seminar II
 
(1)
      Social Science
 
(3)
      Arts and Humanities
 
(3)
      Technical Elective*
 
(3)
   
*  Technical Electives: 6 credits required from courses approved by Geological Engineering Curriculum Committee.

B.S. IN ENVIRONMENTAL GEOSCIENCE

Required 125 credits, including:
 
I.

General Education Requirements (see University GER listing).
 
II.

The following Core Curriculum
   
41 major hours, including:
    Geol 101, 101L Introduction to Geology and Laboratory  
(4)
    Geol 102, 102L The Earth Through Time and Laboratory  
(4)
    Geol 220 Computer Applications in Geology and
 
      Environmental Science  
(2)
    Geol 311 Geomorphology  
(4)
    Geol 318 Mineralogy  
(3)
    Geol 321 Geochemistry  
(3)
    Geol 322 Geology, Society and the Environment
(3)
    Geol 340 Digital Mapping Methods  
(3)
    Geol 342 Environmental and Conservation Hydrology
(3)
    Geol 356 Geoscience Lectures  
(1)
    Geol 410 Site Characterization  
(3)
    Geol 414 Applied Geophysics  
(3)
    Geol 421 Seminar I  
(1)
    Geol 422 Seminar II  
(1)
    Geol 487 Research I  
(1)
    Geol 488 Research II  
(2)
    Geol 494 Senior Thesis  
(1)
   
Required in Other Departments:
    Biol 150, 150L General Biology I, Laboratory  
(4)
    Biol 151, 151L General Biology II, Laboratory  
(4)
    Biol 332, 332L General Ecology, Laboratory  
(4)
    Chem 121, 121L General Chemistry I, Laboratory  
(4)
    Chem 122, 122L General Chemistry II, Laboratory  
(4)
    Math 165 Calculus I  
(4)
    Math 166 Calculus II (or approved statistics course)
(3-4)
    Phys 251, 251L University Physics I, Laboratory  
(4)
   
Program Electives (three courses from following) (8-10 cr.):
    Biol 431 Wildlife Management  
(3)
    Biol 433 Aquatic Ecology  
(3)
    Chem 333 Introductory Environmental, Clinical, and
 
      Forensic Chemical Analysis  
(4)
    GeoE 417 Hydrogeology  
(3)
    GeoE 418 Hydrogeological Methods  
(2)
    GeoE 419 Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation
(3)
    Geog 475 Digital Image Processing  
(3)
    Law 263 Environmental Law  
(3)
    SpSt 430 Earth System Science  
(3)

Courses

For Geology majors, a grade of C or better is required in Geology 318 before any other 300 or 400 numbered courses are taken.

101. Introduction to Geology.
3 credits. Introduction to the dynamics of the Earth—volcanoes, earthquakes, plate tectonics, streams, groundwater, glaciers, waves, wind, and landslides, with emphasis on the environmental applications of these processes. Introduction to the tools of the geologist—minerals, rocks, maps, and aerial photographs. Geol 101L may be taken concurrently. F,S,SS

101L. Introduction to Geology Laboratory. 1 credit. Prerequisite or corequisite: Geol 101. An introductory laboratory to complement Geol 101. Field trip(s) included. F,S,SS

102. The Earth Through Time.
3 credits. The tracing of changes in the Earth and life through time, with emphasis on the record from North America. Geol 102L may be taken concurrently. F,S

102L. The Earth Through Time Laboratory.
1 credit. Prerequisite or corequisite: Geol 102. An introductory laboratory to complement Geol 102. Field trip included. F,S

103. Introduction to Environmental Issues.
3 credits. Introduction to Environmental Issues. A survey of environmental issues concerning society’s interaction with Earth’s natural systems and exploitation of Earth’s resources. F,S

104. Geology of National Parks.
3 credits. An overview of the geology of U.S. National Parks. Unifying geological principles are emphasized. Major topics: sandstone parks, volcanic parks, hot springs and geothermal areas, caves and limestone parks, reefs and fossilized reefs, rivers and erosion, ice and glaciers, mountain building and mountain ranges. S

105. Selected Topics. 1-4 credits. Repeatable when topics vary. A special topic course intended for non-geology majors. Subjects will include many issues of interest to non-geologists and non-scientists, such as earthquakes, evolution, gems, and the geology of National Parks. On demand.

111. Views of Earth and Planets.
3 credits. An introduction to Earth and the Solar System. Coverage includes: the planets and their moons, comets, asteroids, impact craters, meteorites, the sun, the solar system’s origin, planetary atmospheres, the living Earth, the question of life elsewhere. F,S

111R. Views of the Earth and Planets Recitation.
1 credit. Corequisite: Geol 111. A recitation-discussion to complement Geol 111. S

203 (GeoE). Geology for Engineers. 3 credits. Corequisites: GeoE 203L. Physical geology discussed from the engineering point of view. Required of students in civil engineering and geological engineering. Includes laboratory. F

220. Computer Applications in Geology and Environmental Science.
2 credits. Introduction to the application of computers, software, and digital processing in the geological and environmental sciences. F

302 (GeoE). Reclamation Engineering.
3 credits. Prerequisites: Geology 101 or GeoE 203 or consent of adviser. Principles of reclamation emphasizing: the need for reclamation; geology and hydrogeology of disturbed landscapes, geological, hydrological, and ecological reclamation objectives; current reclamation practices; reclamation of abandoned mine lands; reclamation design; laws, regulations, permits, bonds, and public perception. Includes laboratory and field trip. S

303. Selected Topics in Geology.
1-4 credits. Prerequisite: Geology 100, 101, 102 or consent of instructor. Each topic is concerned with a special aspect of geology. May be repeated up to a maximum of 8 hours. F,S

311. Geomorphology. 4 credits. Prerequisites: Geol 101 and 102. Dynamics of weathering, mass movement, running water, groundwater, waves, wind and ice in the production of landforms. Includes field trips and laboratory. F

318. Mineralogy. 3 credits. Prerequisite: Geol 101 or GeoE 203, and Chem 121 or consent of instructor. Survey of the origin, distribution and uses of rock-forming minerals. Introduction to mineral structures, crystal chemistry, and crystallography. Laboratory identification of common minerals in hand sample and petrographic thin section. Introduction to the use of the polarizing microscope. Includes field trip. S

320. Petrology. 3 credits. Prerequisite: Geol 318. Description, classification and origin of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Field and laboratory study of rocks. Engineering properties of earth materials. Advanced aspects of optical mineralogy. Includes laboratory. F

321. Geochemistry.
3 credits. Prerequisite: Geol 318, Chem 122 and Math 166, or consent of instructor. Application of the principles of chemistry to geologic and hydrogeologic problems. Origin and distribution of the chemical elements. Introduction to radiochemistry, isotopic geochronology, and stable-isotope geochemistry. S

322. Environmental Geology.
3 credits. Prerequisite: One introductory geology course or upper division standing; Math 103 recommended. Relationship of geology to society; natural hazards; misuse and repair of our natural environment; application of geology to engineering, land planning, and resource management. S

323 (GeoE). Engineering Geology. 2 credits. Prerequisites: One introductory geology course, Math 165, and upper division standing in geology or engineering. Application of geological and environmental principles to geotechnical engineering design, construction, and operation. On demand, offered alternate years.

330. Structural Geology.
3 credits. Prerequisites: Geol 318, Geol 320, and Math 105. Mechanics of rock deformation, analysis of rock structures, preparation and interpretation of geologic maps and cross sections showing structural and tectonic features. Includes laboratory. S

340. Digital Mapping Methods.
3 credits. Prerequisites: Junior standing in Geology (12 hours). This course integrates “hands-on” data acquisitions and map generation with an overview of the technology (GPS, lasers, and data management). Field projects focus on mapping methodology and laboratory projects focus on analysis and presentation. It is assumed that students have an undergraduate geology background and a basic knowledge of computer applications.

342. Environmental and Conservation Hydrology.
3 credits. Prerequisites: introductory geology course or upper division standing, Math 103. Topics relating hydrology to the environment and water conservation, including the global and local hydrological cycle, flood occurrence and prediction, water pollution, erosion and sedimentation, wetlands, and water management. S/2

356. Geoscience Lectures. 1 credit. Students attend and evaluate departmental lectures given by visiting scientists and engineers, faculty, and students. May be repeated once. S-U grading. May not be taken concurrently with Geol 422. F,S

397 (GeoE) Cooperative Education.
1-8 credits (repeatable to 24 credits). For qualified students majoring in geological engineering, geology, or environmental geology and technology. A practical work experience with an employer closely associated with the student’s academic area. Positions may require student relocation for one or more semesters. Arranged by mutual agreement among student, department, and employer. Special permission required. S/U grading only. F,S,SS

407. Petroleum Geology. 3 credits. Prerequisites: Geol 101 or GeoE 203, and Geol 102. Origin, accumulation and geologic occurrence of petroleum and gas. F/2 (odd numbered years).

410. Site Characterization. 3 credits. Prerequisites: Geol 220, 311, 414; Biol 332, 332L. Purposes, techniques, and tools of site investigation. Covers geologic, hyrologic, and ecologic concerns. Hands-on application of principles, tools and techniques at real sites. F

411. Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. 5 credits. Prerequisite: Geol 320. Origin, transportation, deposition, and diagenesis of sediments; principles and applications of stratigraphy. Includes field trip and laboratory. S

414. Applied Geophysics. 3 credits. Prerequisites: Geol 101, Math 265, Phys 212 or 252. Principles of various geophysical methods and their application to geologic problems. F

415. Introduction to Paleontology. 4 credits. Prerequisite: Geol 102. Recommended: Biol 150, 151. The principles of paleontology/paleobiology are presented using fossils to document the evolutionary, stratigraphic, and paleoecologic history of animal and plant life on Earth. Includes field trip and laboratory. F

417 (GeoE/Geol). Hydrogeology. 3 credits. Prerequisite: Math 166 or consent of instructor. Physical and chemical aspects of groundwater movement, supply, and contamination. F

418 (GeoE). Hydrogeological Methods. 2 credits. Corequisite: Geol/GeoE 417. Field and laboratory methods used in hydrogeology; techniques of drilling, well and piezometer installation, determination of aquifer parameters, geophysical exploration, soil classification and analysis, ground water sampling and analysis. Includes field trip. F

419 (GeoE). Groundwater Monitoring and Remediation.
3 credits. Prerequisites: Math 166, Geol/GeoE 417 and a statistics course (Econ 210, Psyc 241, Math 321 or 353) or consent of instructor. Statistical methods for groundwater sampling and monitoring network design. Groundwater remediation and design; including strategies that remove contaminants for external treatment and strategies for in-situ contaminant treatment. S

420. The Evolving Earth. 3 credits. Prerequisite: Senior standing in Geology. A synthesis of the physical, biological, and chemical changes on Earth through time set within geologic systems and unifying concepts. S

421. Seminar I. 1 credit. Prerequisite: Geol 356. Instruction and practice of oral and visual presentation in science and engineering. Includes preparation and delivery of artifact talks, chalk talks, and slide talks. Involves critical review of student presentations and departmental guest lectures. F,S

422. Seminar II. 1 credit. Prerequisites: Geol 421, senior or graduate status in departmental major. Continuation of Geol 421 experience. Preparation and delivery of oral presentations in science and engineering, culminating in oral presentation of senior thesis (Geol 490) or Engineering Design (485). Includes critical review of student presentations and departmental guest lectures. F,S

425 (GeoE). Design Hydrology for Wetlands.
3 credits. Prerequisites: Chem 121 and either CE/ME 306 or Geol/GeoE 417. Principles of chemistry, geology, hydraulics, and hydrology applied to natural and constructed wetlands and other small catchments. S

427 (GeoE). Groundwater Modeling.
3 credits. Prerequisites: GeoE 417. Math 265; some programming experience recommended. Fundamentals of numerical modeling applied to groundwater flow. Short programs using the finite difference method will be written to demonstrate groundwater movement and storage. Simulation of practical groundwater problems will be carried out using the U.S. Geological Survey’s MODFLOW code. F

455 (GeoE). Geomechanics. 4 credits. Prerequisites: GeoE 323 and CiEn 412 or consent of instructor. Principles of geomechanics and its application to geological engineering. Includes laboratory. F

484 (GeoE). Geological Engineering Design. 3 credits. Prerequisites: Advanced level standing in Geological Engineering and consent of adviser. The first of a two-course sequence in geological engineering design. Define the design problem, establish design objectives, evaluate alternatives, specify constraints, determine a methodology, complete a formal design problem statement. F,S,SS

485 (GeoE). Geological Engineering Design.
3 credits. Prerequisite: GeoE 484. Corequisite: Geol 422. Continuation of GeoE 484 taken the preceding semester. Systematic study and design, with determination of feasibility, careful assessment of economic factors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, ethics, and social and environmental impact. Results presented in Geol 422 Seminar. F,S,SS

487. Research I. 1 credit. Prerequisite: Senior standing in departmental major. Identification and proposal of research project. Includes literature review, feasibility review, and formal project identification and written proposal. Selection of faculty research adviser within first month of semester. F,S

488. Research II.
2 credits. Prerequisite: Geol 487. Execution of research plan developed in Geol 487.

491. Geologic Problems. 1-4 credits. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. May be taken more than one semester to maximum of 8 hours. Individualized or group study on selected geoscience topics. F,S,SS

493 (GeoE). Selected Topics on Mining. 1-3 credits (repeatable to maximum of 4 hours). Prerequisite: GeoE 301. Detailed study of a selected topic related to mine planning or operations. Includes laboratory if applicable. On demand.

494. Senior Thesis. 1 credit. Prerequisite or corequisite: Geol 488. Written results of research conducted in Geol 489. The thesis document should conform to the format guidelines of a major English-language journal in which the thesis could be published. A copy is to be provided to the F.D. Holland, Jr. Geology Library. F,SUniversity of North Dakota.
Office of the Registrar
Twamley Hall Room 201
264 Centennial Drive Stop 8382
Grand Forks, ND  58202-8382
Phone #: (701) 777-2711
Fax #: (701) 777-2696
Email: registrar@mail.und.nodak.edu